Scale-Out, Network Datapaths, and Optical Interconnect

SourcesSurvey §4 and §6.3 motivate these topics; detailed scale-out protocols and operations are extensions from the original outline and corpus.

4.19.1Ethernet, InfiniBand, RoCE, and EFA#

4.19.2Datapaths Among NIC, RDMA, and Accelerator Memory#

4.19.3Leaf–Spine/Clos and Multi-Tier Networks#

4.19.4Multi-Rail, Topology-Aware Placement, and Traffic Isolation#

4.19.5Flow Control, Congestion Control, Link Failure, and Rerouting#

4.19.6Electrical Link, Optical Link, OCS, and Co-Packaged Optics#

4.19.7In-Network Reduction, SmartNIC/DPU, and Host Offload#